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		<title>BanglaForum - Blogs</title>
		<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php</link>
		<description>This is a private Bangladeshi Community based discussion forum powered by vBulletin. To find out about us, go to http://www.banglaforum.com/ .</description>
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			<title>BanglaForum - Blogs</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php</link>
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		<item>
			<title>vlc player download</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=136</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2010 18:16:23 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>VLC media player is a highly portable multimedia player for various audio and video formats as well as DVDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>VLC media player is a highly portable multimedia player for various audio and video formats as well as DVDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols without external codec or program.<br />
 It can also be used as a server to stream in unicast or multicast in IPv4 or IPv6 on a high-bandwidth network.<br />
 VLC can play:<ul><li>MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 / DivX files from a hard disk, a CD-ROM drive, and so on</li>
<li>DVDs, VCDs, and Audio CDs</li>
<li>From satellite cards (DVB-S)</li>
<li>Several types of network streams: UDP/RTP Unicast, UDP/RTP Multicast, HTTP, RTSP, MMS, etc.</li>
<li>From acquisition or encoding cards (on GNU/Linux and Windows only)</li>
</ul>if you want this plz go<br />
<a href="http://www.banglaforum.com//www.downloadvlcplayer.org/" target="_blank">//www.downloadvlcplayer.org/</a></div>

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			<dc:creator>halim90</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=136</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>flv player.this is best media player</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=135</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2010 07:11:14 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>What is  *FLV*?
*FLV Player* is a free flash video player for Windows. FLV player can play all your flash files and even download them directly from...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>What is  <b>FLV</b>?<br />
<b>FLV Player</b> is a free flash video player for Windows. FLV player can play all your flash files and even download them directly from pages that you specify. With its simple and lighweight design, you can all your video without any distraction in a bug/glitch free environment.<br />
Why <b>FLV Player</b>?  <br />
<b>FLV player</b> is able to download any video from a flash video based website by simply copy/pasting the website url in the download field and pressing download. FLV player can play all flash video formats such as .flv, .f4v, .f4v and .f4a. Flv player download.<br />
<b>Are you ready for the best flash media playing experience? Download FLV Player now and start watching your favorite flash videos and movies the easy way!plz go <br />
</b><a href="http://www.flvplayerdownload.org/" target="_blank">http://www.flvplayerdownload.org/</a></div>

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			<dc:creator>halim90</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=135</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>(¯`·._.•Microsoft Windows Tips™•._.·´¯)</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=134</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 27 Jul 2010 08:43:11 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>*Just Past This File on computer directory - C:\WINDOWS\system32*


mail me

Thanks


:bflag::bflag::bflag::bflag:</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><b><font color="Red">Just Past This File on computer directory - C:\WINDOWS\system32</font></b><br />
<br />
<br />
mail me<br />
<br />
Thanks<br />
<br />
<br />
:bflag::bflag::bflag::bflag:</div>


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			<dc:creator>feedbackbd</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=134</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>Learn How To Trade Forex</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=133</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 21 Jul 2010 16:57:55 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[you can learn about forex trading on this site. visit :[url]www.forextradingtips01.blogspot.com[/url]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>you can learn about forex trading on this site. visit :[url]www.forextradingtips01.blogspot.com[/url]</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<dc:creator>sahasabu</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=133</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>Study In Ukraine, Admission 2010/2011 Out Now!!!</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=132</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 2010 18:32:04 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>Remove...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><a href="http://www.facebook.com/ajax/minifeed/remove_confirm.php?story_id=div_story_1134276454_134711649876089&amp;profile_id=1835807612&amp;story_key=5481883970778828278&amp;story_type=17&amp;handler=prof" target="_blank"><font color="#333333">Remove</font></a><br />
<b><a href="http://www.facebook.com/ukraine.consult" target="_blank"><font color="#3b5998">Ukraine Study Consult</font></a>STUDY IN UKRAINE 2010/2011 ADMISSION IN PROGRESS!!!!<br />
Admission for university entrants is now on.Bsc and Masters degree in different<br />
courses.both English and Russian medium.Ukrainian Universities will start to receive applications from qualified candidates for the 2010-2011 Academic Year from April 2010.<br />
<br />
There is nearly 1...00% Literacy in UKRAINE. Ukraine is the place to study your Undergraduate Courses like Medicine, Pharmacy, Biomedical, Engineering, Telecommunications, Economics, Cybernetics e.t.c and Post Graduate Courses.<br />
<br />
Visa assurance to deserving students<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Advantages of Studying in Ukraine include:<br />
<br />
Quality Education,<br />
<br />
Courses are accepted Globally<br />
<br />
Very low cost of study<br />
<br />
European life standard<br />
<br />
Better job prospects<br />
<br />
Emphasis on practical aspects in teaching<br />
<br />
One of the best transportation system in Europe,<br />
<br />
Visiting professors from U.S.A, U.K e.t.c<br />
<br />
Can Obtain permanent residence and settlement in Europe after completion of study program.</b></div>

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			<dc:creator>ukrsc100</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=132</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>what made u sad today.?</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=131</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 2010 12:25:18 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>*Share with us what made u sad today.....:(
*</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><b><font color="Navy">Share with us what made u sad today.....:(<br />
</font></b></div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<dc:creator>bOlbo_nA</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=131</guid>
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		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[L.O.V.E BaBy.......&#9829;]]></title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=130</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jun 2010 18:58:19 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>*“LOVE, IT’S LOVE, TRUE LOVE, ALWAYS LOVE, PRECIOUS LOVE, MY LOVE”

*</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><font face="Comic Sans MS"><font size="3"><font color="Magenta"><i><b>“LOVE, IT’S LOVE, TRUE LOVE, ALWAYS LOVE, PRECIOUS LOVE, MY LOVE”<br />
<br />
</b></i></font></font></font></div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<dc:creator>bOlbo_nA</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=130</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>* What is Life? *</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=129</link>
			<pubDate>Sat, 29 May 2010 09:54:37 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[*What is Life?*
* It's a journey through a way,*
* Through which we must go-*
* Away and away.*



* What is Life?*
* It's a very tough game,*
*...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div align="center"><font face="Book Antiqua"><font size="3"><font color="DarkGreen"><b>What is Life?</b><br />
<b> It's a journey through a way,</b><br />
<b> Through which we must go-</b><br />
<b> Away and away.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> What is Life?</b><br />
<b> It's a very tough game,</b><br />
<b> Performance is what-</b><br />
<b> Brings us the name.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> What is Life?</b><br />
<b> It's today full of sorrow,</b><br />
<b> Face this eye to eye-</b><br />
<b> Joy will come tomorrow.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> What Life?</b><br />
<b> It's a puzzling riddle,</b><br />
<b> Go on solving it-</b><br />
<b> Don't stop in the middle.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> What is Life?</b><br />
<b> It's a tearful road for miles,</b><br />
<b> Still walk with faith and honor-</b><br />
<b> You'll reach the land of smiles.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> What is Life?</b><br />
<b> It's stormy and cold tonight,</b><br />
<b> But across this awaits-</b><br />
<b> A morning warm and bright.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> What is Life?</b><br />
<b> It's a fairy tale about,</b><br />
<b> A seed of baby now-</b><br />
<b> In the future to sprout.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> What is Life?</b><br />
<b> It's a bag of dreams,</b><br />
<b> Of vanilla skies-</b><br />
<b> And chocolate streams.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> What is Life?</b><br />
<b> It's a chance to love,</b><br />
<b> So spread your arms-</b><br />
<b> The world is yours, just love.</b></font></font></font></div></div>

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			<dc:creator>shazib_max</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=129</guid>
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			<title>Love is not a game, so why are there so many players.....!!</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=126</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 02 May 2010 19:44:09 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[*There are 3 great Things in Dis World..&#9829; The first Thing is for U to Love someone.. &#9829; The second Thing is for someone to Love U Back And &#9829; The third...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><b>There are 3 great Things in Dis World..&#9829; The first Thing is for U to Love someone.. &#9829; The second Thing is for someone to Love U Back And &#9829; The third greatest Thing is for the First nd Second Thing to happen at the Same Time..&#9829; &#9829;</b></div>

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			<dc:creator>t___</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=126</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>Bhalobasha Hariye Geche</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=117</link>
			<pubDate>Wed, 28 Apr 2010 18:15:14 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>Bhalobashar moddhe shobcheye boro factor der majhe ache sacrifice. Jara sacrifice korte pare tarai pure ebong poripurno bhabe bhalobashte pare. Ar...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><font face="Trebuchet MS"><font size="3"><font color="DarkRed">Bhalobashar moddhe shobcheye boro factor der majhe ache sacrifice. Jara sacrifice korte pare tarai pure ebong poripurno bhabe bhalobashte pare. Ar eta shohoj kichu na, jehetu manusher nature ey ache sharthoporota. Osshikar korchen? Ektu gobhir bhabe dekhe nin, amra shobai kom beshi sharthopor. So sacrifice jinishta khubi kothin...<br />
<br />
Tobu... keno jeno mante pari na. Hoyto karon ami ekta dreamer type er manush. Shopno dekhi khali. Bhabi je aagekar dine jey bhalobasha chilo (ekta cheler ar ekta meyer majhe), sheta ajke keno dekha jae na? Aage bhalobashar jonno manush shob chere dito, ajke career ar success aage. Eto bhabte hoy jibon niye ajkal... bhalobasha ashole ekta shopner material hoye geche. Jeta amra golper ba oittihashik boie porte pari.<br />
<br />
Mante pari na ey jontromanobik jibon. Mante pari na je bhalobasha hariye geche amader kache. Aro kharap bhabe bolle to bhalobasha oneker jonno shorirer chahida. Kothay chole gelo duniya... koi shey aagekar diner romantic kotha barta, onontokal ek jon arek joner dike cheye jaowa. Ekhon bhalobasha shudhu sriti ebong kolpona - Taj Mahal, <i>Romeo &amp; Juliet</i>, <i>Monpura</i>...<br />
</font></font></font></div>

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			<dc:creator>Rinth</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=117</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>what is love?</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=116</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 23 Apr 2010 15:07:53 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[Love means loss of valuable energy.Love means creation of ATTRACTION  between a man & woman.But inside this there is another talk like .I do not know...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Love means loss of valuable energy.Love means creation of ATTRACTION  between a man &amp; woman.But inside this there is another talk like .I do not know what is the meaning of the word.Someone tells in this way that i like u but I do not love u .Can anyone plz explain the difference between these two words?</div>

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			<dc:creator>shatu</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=116</guid>
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		<item>
			<title>Just for all Banglaforum friends !</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=107</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 19 Feb 2010 11:57:12 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[*_Friends_



Although we may have different views, 
And traveled separate avenues, 

We've been good friends for many years, 
Sharing laughter and,...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div align="center"><font color="Green"><b><u><font face="Book Antiqua"><font size="4">Friends</font></font></u><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Although we may have different views, <br />
And traveled separate avenues, <br />
<br />
We've been good friends for many years, <br />
Sharing laughter and, yes, some tears. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
You've listened, with patience, to my long sad tales, <br />
And laughed at bad jokes when my light side prevails, <br />
<br />
You've always made me feel special, somehow, <br />
And judgments between us, you'd never allow. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Thoughtful and caring, you're such a good friend, <br />
On you, I know I can always depend, <br />
<br />
So accept this poem that comes straight from the heart, <br />
For a wonderful friendship right from the start. </b></font>              <br />
<br />
</div></div>

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			<dc:creator>shazib_max</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=107</guid>
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		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[Islamic Research & Analysis]]></title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=104</link>
			<pubDate>Sat, 30 Jan 2010 19:30:29 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[By Md. Talha Ibn Alauddin

  Founder,

  *Islamic Research & Analysis Forum (IRAF)*

  And 

  Studying in]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div align="center"><br />
</div>     <br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center">By Md. Talha Ibn Alauddin</div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center">Founder,</div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><b><font face="&amp;quot">Islamic Research &amp; Analysis Forum (IRAF)</font></b></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center">And </div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center">Studying in </div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center">Computer Science &amp; Engineering Department,</div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center">Bangladesh University of Engineering &amp; Technology,</div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center">Dhaka,Bangladesh.</div></div>     <br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Letter from writer</font></font></div></div>  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Today Muslims are so far behind in the academic &amp; research section. I</font></font><font face="&amp;quot">t will be remembered that at the height of Islam, between the Eighth and Twelfth centuries A.D., i.e. at a time when restrictions on scientific development were in force in the Christian world, a very large number of studies and discoveries were being made at Islamic universities. It was there that the remarkable cultural resources of the time were to be found. The Calif's library at Cordoba contained 400,000 volumes. Averroës was teaching there, and Greek, Indian and Persian sciences were taught. This is why scholars from all over Europe went to study at Cordoba, just as today people go to the United States to perfect their studies.</font> <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot"> have tried my best to discuss about the topic which are related with science and which theory is universal truth. At first I discussed what modern science says about it</font></font><font face="Algerian">. </font><font face="&amp;quot">Then I discussed it according to scientific Quran.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">I have tried my best to analyze scientific Quran.If any problem please inform me.</font><br />
  <br />
   <br />
  May Allah help us all to reach our aim.<br />
   <br />
   <br />
   <br />
   <br />
   <br />
   <br />
   <br />
   <br />
   <br />
  What is the meaning of science?<br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The word science comes from the Latin &quot;scientia&quot; meaning knowledge.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is &quot;knowledge attained through study or practice,&quot; or &quot;knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world.&quot;</font><br />
  <b>Science</b> refers to any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice that is capable of resulting in a prediction or predictable type of outcome. In this sense, <i>science</i> may refer to a highly skilled technique or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_%28process%29" target="_blank">practice</a>.<br />
  So science means organized knowledge, systematic study or methodically arranged. <br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Science as defined above is sometimes called pure science to differentiate it from applied science, which is the application of research to human needs. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines: <br />
   - Natural sciences, </font>which study natural phenomena (including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" target="_blank">biological life</a>),<font face="&amp;quot"> and <br />
   - Social sciences</font> which study <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behavior" target="_blank">human behavior</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society" target="_blank">societies</a><font face="&amp;quot">.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">I shall mainly discuss Natural sciences like physics, chemistry, biology &amp; earth science etc.</font><br />
  Now we shall see, what Quran says about science:<br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Surah Ya Sin (36:1)</font></font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1610;&#1587; &#64831;&#1633;&#64830;&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1602;&#1615;&#1585;&#1618;&#1570;&#1606;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1581;&#1614;&#1603;&#1616;&#1610;&#1605;&#1616; &#64831;&#1634;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">[1]:Ya Sin</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">By the wise Qur'an.</font></font><br />
  <br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Surah Al Baqarah (2:269)</font></font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1610;&#1615;&#1572;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1581;&#1616;&#1603;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1577;&#1614; &#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1610;&#1614;&#1588;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1615;</font></b><b> &#1754; </b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1610;&#1615;&#1572;&#1618;&#1578;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1581;&#1616;&#1603;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1577;&#1614; &#1601;&#1614;&#1602;&#1614;&#1583;&#1618; &#1571;&#1615;&#1608;&#1578;&#1616;&#1610;&#1614; &#1582;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#1603;&#1614;&#1579;&#1616;&#1610;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575;</font></b><b> &#1751; </b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575; &#1610;&#1614;&#1584;&#1617;&#1614;&#1603;&#1617;&#1614;&#1585;&#1615; &#1573;&#1616;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575; &#1571;&#1615;&#1608;&#1604;&#1615;&#1608; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1576;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1616; &#64831;&#1634;&#1638;&#1641;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">[269] He bestows wisdom upon anyone He wills, and he who is given wisdom is in fact given great wealth,but only those who have common sense learn lessons from these things.</font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Surah Luqman(31:12)</font></font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1602;&#1614;&#1583;&#1618; &#1570;&#1578;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1604;&#1615;&#1602;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1581;&#1616;&#1603;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1577;&#1614; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1616; &#1575;&#1588;&#1618;&#1603;&#1615;&#1585;&#1618; &#1604;&#1616;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1616;</font></b><b> &#1754; </b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1610;&#1614;&#1588;&#1618;&#1603;&#1615;&#1585;&#1618; &#1601;&#1614;&#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575; &#1610;&#1614;&#1588;&#1618;&#1603;&#1615;&#1585;&#1615; &#1604;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614;&#1601;&#1618;&#1587;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;</font></b><b> &#1750; </b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1603;&#1614;&#1601;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614; &#1601;&#1614;&#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1614; &#1594;&#1614;&#1606;&#1616;&#1610;&#1617;&#1612; &#1581;&#1614;&#1605;&#1616;&#1610;&#1583;&#1612; &#64831;&#1633;&#1634;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">[12] We had bestowed wisdom on Luqman that he may be grateful to Allah. Whoever is grateful, his gratefulness is for his own good, and whoever is ungrateful, then Allah is indeed Self-Sufficient and Self-Praiseworthy.</font></font><br />
  Surah An-Nahl(16:125)<br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1575;&#1583;&#1618;&#1593;&#1615; &#1573;&#1616;&#1604;&#1614;&#1609;&#1648; &#1587;&#1614;&#1576;&#1616;&#1610;&#1604;&#1616; &#1585;&#1614;&#1576;&#1616;&#1617;&#1603;&#1614; &#1576;&#1616;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1581;&#1616;&#1603;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1577;&#1616;   &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1593;&#1616;&#1592;&#1614;&#1577;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1581;&#1614;&#1587;&#1614;&#1606;&#1614;&#1577;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1580;&#1614;&#1575;&#1583;&#1616;&#1604;&#1618;&#1607;&#1615;&#1605; &#1576;&#1616;&#1575;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1578;&#1616;&#1610; &#1607;&#1616;&#1610;&#1614; &#1571;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1587;&#1614;&#1606;&#1615;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;   &#1585;&#1614;&#1576;&#1617;&#1614;&#1603;&#1614; &#1607;&#1615;&#1608;&#1614; &#1571;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1604;&#1614;&#1605;&#1615; &#1576;&#1616;&#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1590;&#1614;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614; &#1593;&#1614;&#1606; &#1587;&#1614;&#1576;&#1616;&#1610;&#1604;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615;&#1608;&#1614;   &#1571;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1604;&#1614;&#1605;&#1615; &#1576;&#1616;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1605;&#1615;&#1607;&#1618;&#1578;&#1614;&#1583;&#1616;&#1610;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1633;&#1634;&#1637;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(125) Invite (all) to the Way of thy Lord with wisdom and   beautiful preaching; and argue with them in ways that are best and most   gracious: for thy Lord knoweth best, who have strayed from His Path, and who   receive guidance.</font></font><br />
        </div>                               <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1581;&#1616;&#1603;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1577;</font></b><br />
     <br />
                                                  <font face="&amp;quot">&#1593;&#1604;&#1605;</font><br />
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                     <br />
  In Arabic,                       or                        means knowledge or wisdom. In Quran is not a book of SCIENCE. It is a book of SCINE .In Quran, Allah says many SCINE of SCIENCE. <br />
   I shall discuss only those topics which are proved scientifically &amp; universal truth. <br />
  <br />
  <br />
  <br />
  <b><u>What is water cycle?</u></b><br />
  The <b>water cycle</b>, also known as the <b>hydrologic cycle</b>, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" target="_blank">Earth</a>. Since the water cycle is truly a &quot;cycle,&quot; there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" target="_blank">liquid</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor" target="_blank">vapor</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice" target="_blank">ice</a> at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go.<br />
  <u>History behind Water Cycle:</u><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">When the verses of the Qur'an concerning the role of water in man's existence are read in succession today. they all appear to us to express ideas that are quite obvious. The reason for this is simple: in our day and age, we all, to a lesser or greater extent, know about the water cycle in nature.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">If however, we consider the various concepts the ancients had on this subject, it becomes clear that the data in the Qur'an do not embody the mythical concepts current at the time of the Revelation which had been developed more according to philosophical speculation than observed phenomena. Although it was empirically possible to acquire on a modest scale, the useful practical knowledge necessary for the improvement of the irrigation, the concepts held on the water cycle in general would hardly be acceptable today.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Thus it would have been easy to imagine that underground water could have come from the infiltration of precipitations in the soil. In ancient times however, this idea, held by Vitruvius Polio Marcus in Rome, 1st century B.C., was cited as an exception. For many centuries therefore (and the Qur'anic Revelation is situated during this period) man held totally inaccurate views on the water cycle.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Two specialists on this subject, G. Gastany and B. Blavoux, in their entry in the Universalis Encyclopedia (<i>Encyclopedia Universalis</i>) under the heading <i>Hydrogeology </i>(Hydrogéologie), give an edifying history of this problem.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">&quot;In the Seventh century B.C., Thales of Miletus held the theory whereby the waters of the oceans, under the effect of winds, were thrust towards the interior of the continents; so the water fell upon the earth and penetrated into the soil. Plato shared these views and thought that the return of the waters to the oceans was via a great abyss, the 'Tartarus'. This theory had many supporters until the Eighteenth century, one of whom was Descartes. Aristotle imagined that the water vapour from the soil condensed in cool mountain caverns and formed underground lakes that fed springs. He was followed by Seneca (1st Century A.D.) and many others, until 1877, among them O. Volger . . . The first clear formulation of the water cycle must be attributed to Bernard Palissy in 1580. he claimed that underground water came from rainwater infiltrating into the soil. This theory was confirmed by E. Mariotte and P. Perrault in the Seventeenth century.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">In the following passages from the Qur'an, there is no trace of the mistaken ideas that were current at the time of Muhammad:</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">t is worth pausing to examine this fact and call to mind the predominance in the Middle Ages of views such as those held by Aristotle, according to whom springs were fed by underground lakes. In his entry on <i>Hydrology</i> (Hydrologie) in the Universalis Encyclopedia (<i>Encyclopedia Universalis</i>) M.R. Remenieras, a teacher at the French National School of Agronomy (Ecole nationale du Genie rural, des Eaux et Forêts), describes the main stages of hydrology and refers to the magnificent irrigation works of the ancients, particularly in the Middle East. He notes however that an empirical outlook ruled over everything, since the ideas of the time proceeded from mistaken concepts. He continues as follows:</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">&quot;It was not until the Renaissance (between circa 1400 and 1600) that purely philosophical concepts gave way to research based on the objective observation of hydrologic phenomena. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) rebelled against Aristotle's statements. Bernard Palissy, in his <i>Wonderful discourse on the nature of waters and fountains both natural and artificial</i> (Discours admirable de la nature des eaux et fontaines tant naturelles qu'artificielles (Paris, 1570)) gives a correct interpretation of the water cycle and especially of the way springs are fed by rainwater.&quot; </font><br />
  <br />
  <b><u><font color="black">This cycle is made up of a few main parts:</font></u></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="Symbol"><img src="http://www.banglaforum.com/PicExportError" border="0" alt="" /></font></font><font color="black">evaporation (and transpiration) </font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="Symbol"><img src="http://www.banglaforum.com/PicExportError" border="0" alt="" /></font></font><font color="black">condensation </font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="Symbol"><img src="http://www.banglaforum.com/PicExportError" border="0" alt="" /></font></font><font color="black">precipitation </font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="Symbol"><img src="http://www.banglaforum.com/PicExportError" border="0" alt="" /></font></font><font color="black">collection </font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="Symbol"><img src="http://www.banglaforum.com/PicExportError" border="0" alt="" /></font></font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="Symbol"><img src="http://www.banglaforum.com/PicExportError" border="0" alt="" /></font></font><br />
  <b><u><font color="black">Evaporation:</font></u></b><br />
  <font color="black">Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam. The water vapor or steam leaves the river, lake or ocean and goes into the air.</font><br />
  <b><u><font color="black">Condensation: </font></u></b><br />
  <font color="black">Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. This is called condensation. </font><br />
  <b><u><font color="black">Precipitation:</font></u></b><br />
  <font color="black">Precipitation occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore.  The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow. </font><br />
  <b><u><font color="black">Collection</font></u></b><font color="black">:  </font><br />
  <font color="black">When water falls back to earth as precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans, lakes or rivers or it may end up on land.  When it ends up on land, it will either soak into the earth and become part of the “ground water” that plants and animals use to drink or it may run over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle starts</font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">All over again</font></font></div></div>    <br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">According to </font></font><i>Wikipedia </i>there are different process .They discusses many sub-process.<br />
  <b><u>Now we see the process of water cycle according to <i>Wikipedia</i></u></b><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_%28meteorology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Precipitation</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Most precipitation occurs as </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">rain</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">, but also includes </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">snow</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">hail</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">fog drip</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graupel" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">graupel</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">, and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleet" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">sleet</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">. Approximately 505,000 </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_kilometre" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">km3</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> (121,000 </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_mile" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">cu mi</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">) of water fall as precipitation each year, 398,000 km3 (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception_%28water%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Canopy interception</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelt" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Snowmelt</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The runoff produced by melting snow. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Runoff</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes both </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">surface runoff</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_runoff" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">channel runoff</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">. As it flows, the water may infiltrate into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Infiltration</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">soil moisture</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> or </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">groundwater</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_Flow_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Subsurface Flow</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The flow of water underground, in the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadose_zone" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">vadose zone</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> and aquifers. Subsurface water may return to the surface (eg. as a spring or by being pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans. Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than where it infiltrated, under the force of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">gravity</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Evaporation</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere. The source of energy for evaporation is primarily </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">solar radiation</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">. Evaporation often implicitly includes </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" target="_blank"><b><font face="&amp;quot">transpiration</font></b></a><font face="&amp;quot"> from </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">plants</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">, though together they are specifically referred to as </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration" target="_blank"><b><font face="&amp;quot">evapotranspiration</font></b></a><font face="&amp;quot">. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) of water, 434,000 km3 (104,000 cu mi) of which evaporates from the oceans. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_%28chemistry%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Sublimation</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Advection</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The movement of water — in solid, liquid, or vapor states — through the atmosphere. Without advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over land. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Condensation</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, producing </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">clouds</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">fog</font></a><font face="&amp;quot">. </font><br />
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Transpiration</font></a><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The release of water vapor from plants into the air. Water vapor is a gas that can not be seen.</font><br />
  <br />
  <br />
  <br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">This cycle may be outlined as follows, according to modern ideas on hydrology.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The calories obtained from the Sun's rays cause the sea and those parts of the Earth's surface that are covered or soaked in water to evaporate. The water vapour that is given off rises into the atmosphere and, by condensation, forms into clouds. The winds then intervene and move the clouds thus formed over varying distances. The clouds can then either disperse without producing rain, or combine their mass with others to create even greater condensation, or they can fragment and produce rain at some stages in their evolution. When rain reaches the sea (70% of the Earth's surface is covered by seas), the cycle is soon repeated. When rain falls on the land, it may be absorbed by vegetation and thus aid the latter's growth; the vegetation in its turn gives off water and thus returns some water to the atmosphere. The rest, to a lesser or greater extent, infiltrates into the soil, whence it is either conducted through channels into the sea, or comes back to the Earth's surface network through springs or resurgences.</font><br />
                              <div align="center"><div align="center"><b><u>Now we see what Quran says</u></b></div></div>  <b><u>Allah says in Surah room(30):</u></b><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1584;&#1616;&#1610; &#1610;&#1615;&#1585;&#1618;&#1587;&#1616;&#1604;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1614;   &#1601;&#1614;&#1578;&#1615;&#1579;&#1616;&#1610;&#1585;&#1615; &#1587;&#1614;&#1581;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1611;&#1575; &#1601;&#1614;&#1610;&#1614;&#1576;&#1618;&#1587;&#1615;&#1591;&#1615;&#1607;&#1615; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1603;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1601;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1588;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1615; &#1608;&#1614;&#1610;&#1614;&#1580;&#1618;&#1593;&#1614;&#1604;&#1615;&#1607;&#1615; &#1603;&#1616;&#1587;&#1614;&#1601;&#1611;&#1575;   &#1601;&#1614;&#1578;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1608;&#1614;&#1583;&#1618;&#1602;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1582;&#1618;&#1585;&#1615;&#1580;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1618; &#1582;&#1616;&#1604;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1601;&#1614;&#1573;&#1616;&#1584;&#1614;&#1575; &#1571;&#1614;&#1589;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1614; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1610;&#1614;&#1588;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1615;   &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1618; &#1593;&#1616;&#1576;&#1614;&#1575;&#1583;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1573;&#1616;&#1584;&#1614;&#1575; &#1607;&#1615;&#1605;&#1618; &#1610;&#1614;&#1587;&#1618;&#1578;&#1614;&#1576;&#1618;&#1588;&#1616;&#1585;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1636;&#1640;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(48) It is Allah Who sends the Winds, and they raise the Clouds:   then does He spread them in the sky as He wills, and break them into   fragments, until thou seest rain-drops issue from the midst thereof: then   when He has made them reach such of his servants as He wills behold, they do   rejoice!-</font></font><br />
        </div>  Al Baqara(2:164):<br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1582;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1602;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1582;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1604;&#1614;&#1575;&#1601;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1604;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575;&#1585;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1601;&#1615;&#1604;&#1618;&#1603;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1578;&#1616;&#1610; &#1578;&#1614;&#1580;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616;&#1610; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1576;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616; &#1576;&#1616;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575; &#1610;&#1614;&#1606;&#1601;&#1614;&#1593;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1587;&#1614; &#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606; &#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1613; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1614; &#1576;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1583;&#1614; &#1605;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575; &#1608;&#1614;&#1576;&#1614;&#1579;&#1617;&#1614; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606; &#1603;&#1615;&#1604;&#1616;&#1617; &#1583;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1617;&#1614;&#1577;&#1613; &#1608;&#1614;&#1578;&#1614;&#1589;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616;&#1610;&#1601;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1581;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1605;&#1615;&#1587;&#1614;&#1582;&#1617;&#1614;&#1585;&#1616; &#1576;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1616; &#1604;&#1614;&#1570;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1613; &#1604;&#1616;&#1617;&#1602;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1605;&#1613; &#1610;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1602;&#1616;&#1604;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1633;&#1638;&#1636;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">(If they want a sign for the perception of this Reality) surety there are countless signs for those who use their common sense;they can see alternation of the night and day, in the ships that sail the ocean laden with cargoes beneficial to mankind, and in the rain-water which Allah sends down from the sky and thereby gives life to the earth after its death and spreads over it all kinds of animate creatures, in the blowing of the winds and in the clouds which obediently wait for orders between the sky and the earth.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Al-Araf(7:57)</font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615;&#1608;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1584;&#1616;&#1610; &#1610;&#1615;&#1585;&#1618;&#1587;&#1616;&#1604;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1614; &#1576;&#1615;&#1588;&#1618;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#1576;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1583;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618; &#1585;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1581;&#1614;&#1578;&#1617;&#1614;&#1609;&#1648; &#1573;&#1616;&#1584;&#1614;&#1575; &#1571;&#1614;&#1602;&#1614;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1578;&#1618; &#1587;&#1614;&#1581;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1611;&#1575; &#1579;&#1616;&#1602;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1611;&#1575; &#1587;&#1615;&#1602;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;&#1607;&#1615; &#1604;&#1616;&#1576;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1583;&#1613; &#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1610;&#1616;&#1617;&#1578;&#1613; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1614; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1582;&#1618;&#1585;&#1614;&#1580;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606; &#1603;&#1615;&#1604;&#1616;&#1617; &#1575;&#1604;&#1579;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1603;&#1614;&#1584;&#1614;*&#1648;&#1604;&#1616;&#1603;&#1614; &#1606;&#1615;&#1582;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616;&#1580;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1578;&#1614;&#1609;&#1648; &#1604;&#1614;&#1593;&#1614;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1603;&#1615;&#1605;&#1618; &#1578;&#1614;&#1584;&#1614;&#1603;&#1617;&#1614;&#1585;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1637;&#1639;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  &quot;(God) is the One Who sends forth the winds like heralds of His Mercy. When they have carried the heavy-laden clouds, We drive them to a dead land. Then We cause water to descend and thereby bring forth fruits of every kind. Thus We will bring forth the dead. Maybe you will remember.&quot;<br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Ar-Rad(13:12,17)</font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1610;&#1615;&#1587;&#1614;&#1576;&#1616;&#1617;&#1581;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1617;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1583;&#1615; &#1576;&#1616;&#1581;&#1614;&#1605;&#1618;&#1583;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1575;&#1574;&#1616;&#1603;&#1614;&#1577;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1618; &#1582;&#1616;&#1610;&#1601;&#1614;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1610;&#1615;&#1585;&#1618;&#1587;&#1616;&#1604;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1617;&#1614;&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1593;&#1616;&#1602;&#1614; &#1601;&#1614;&#1610;&#1615;&#1589;&#1616;&#1610;&#1576;&#1615; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575; &#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1610;&#1614;&#1588;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1615; &#1608;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615;&#1605;&#1618; &#1610;&#1615;&#1580;&#1614;&#1575;&#1583;&#1616;&#1604;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615;&#1608;&#1614; &#1588;&#1614;&#1583;&#1616;&#1610;&#1583;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1605;&#1616;&#1581;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1616; &#64831;&#1633;&#1635;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(12) He it is Who shows you the lightning causing fear and hope and (Who) brings up the heavy cloud.</font></font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611; &#1601;&#1614;&#1587;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1614;&#1578;&#1618; &#1571;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1583;&#1616;&#1610;&#1614;&#1577;&#1612; &#1576;&#1616;&#1602;&#1614;&#1583;&#1614;&#1585;&#1616;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575; &#1601;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1618;&#1578;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1604;&#1615; &#1586;&#1614;&#1576;&#1614;&#1583;&#1611;&#1575; &#1585;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1616;&#1610;&#1611;&#1575;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1616;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575; &#1610;&#1615;&#1608;&#1602;&#1616;&#1583;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#1593;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1607;&#1616; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1585;&#1616; &#1575;&#1576;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1594;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1614; &#1581;&#1616;&#1604;&#1618;&#1610;&#1614;&#1577;&#1613; &#1571;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618; &#1605;&#1614;&#1578;&#1614;&#1575;&#1593;&#1613; &#1586;&#1614;&#1576;&#1614;&#1583;&#1612; &#1605;&#1616;&#1617;&#1579;&#1618;&#1604;&#1615;&#1607;&#1615;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1603;&#1614;&#1584;&#1614;*&#1648;&#1604;&#1616;&#1603;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1590;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616;&#1576;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1581;&#1614;&#1602;&#1617;&#1614; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1576;&#1614;&#1575;&#1591;&#1616;&#1604;&#1614;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1586;&#1617;&#1614;&#1576;&#1614;&#1583;&#1615; &#1601;&#1614;&#1610;&#1614;&#1584;&#1618;&#1607;&#1614;&#1576;&#1615; &#1580;&#1615;&#1601;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575; &#1610;&#1614;&#1606;&#1601;&#1614;&#1593;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1587;&#1614; &#1601;&#1614;&#1610;&#1614;&#1605;&#1618;&#1603;&#1615;&#1579;&#1615; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1603;&#1614;&#1584;&#1614;*&#1648;&#1604;&#1616;&#1603;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1590;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616;&#1576;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1605;&#1618;&#1579;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1614; &#64831;&#1633;&#1639;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">[17] Allah sent down water from the sky and every system carried it along according to its capacity: then there was flood and a swelling foam<a href="file:///F:/Users/Talha/tafhim/tafsir13.php_files/index.htm#sdfootnote31sym" target="_blank">31</a> came to the surface. Likewise there arises a scum out of the metals which are melted in the furnace for making ornaments and utensils. By such similitudes, Allah makes the truth distinct from falsehood. That which is the foam vanishes and that which is beneficial for the people remains on the earth. In this way Allah cites similes to make His Message clear. </font></font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Al-Hijr (15:22)</font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1587;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1614; &#1604;&#1614;&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1602;&#1616;&#1581;&#1614; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1587;&#1618;&#1602;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;&#1603;&#1615;&#1605;&#1615;&#1608;&#1607;&#1615; &#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1578;&#1615;&#1605;&#1618; &#1604;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1576;&#1616;&#1582;&#1614;&#1575;&#1586;&#1616;&#1606;&#1616;&#1610;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1634;&#1634;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">[22] It is We Who send the fertilizing winds: then We send down' water from heaven, and then We give it to you to drink; and it is not you who hold the store of this wealth.</font></font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Noor (24:43)</font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1571;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1605;&#1618; &#1578;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1614; &#1610;&#1615;&#1586;&#1618;&#1580;&#1616;&#1610; &#1587;&#1614;&#1581;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1611;&#1575; &#1579;&#1615;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614; &#1610;&#1615;&#1572;&#1614;&#1604;&#1616;&#1617;&#1601;&#1615; &#1576;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1579;&#1615;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1580;&#1618;&#1593;&#1614;&#1604;&#1615;&#1607;&#1615; &#1585;&#1615;&#1603;&#1614;&#1575;&#1605;&#1611;&#1575; &#1601;&#1614;&#1578;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1608;&#1614;&#1583;&#1618;&#1602;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1582;&#1618;&#1585;&#1615;&#1580;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1618; &#1582;&#1616;&#1604;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1610;&#1615;&#1606;&#1614;&#1586;&#1616;&#1617;&#1604;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606; &#1580;&#1616;&#1576;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1613; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606; &#1576;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614;&#1583;&#1613; &#1601;&#1614;&#1610;&#1615;&#1589;&#1616;&#1610;&#1576;&#1615; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1610;&#1614;&#1588;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1615; &#1608;&#1614;&#1610;&#1614;&#1589;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616;&#1601;&#1615;&#1607;&#1615; &#1593;&#1614;&#1606; &#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1606; &#1610;&#1614;&#1588;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1615;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1610;&#1614;&#1603;&#1614;&#1575;&#1583;&#1615; &#1587;&#1614;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1576;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1602;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1610;&#1614;&#1584;&#1618;&#1607;&#1614;&#1576;&#1615; &#1576;&#1616;&#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1576;&#1618;&#1589;&#1614;&#1575;&#1585;&#1616; &#64831;&#1636;&#1635;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">[43] Do you not observe that Allah makes the cloud move gently then joins its pieces together: then gathers it into a mass of thick cloud: then you see that rain-drops fall down from its midst: and He sends down hail out of the high up mountains in the heaven: then He smites with it whom He wills and turns it away from whom He pleases: then a flash of lightning from it dazzles the eyes</font></font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Al-Furqaan(25:48-49)</font><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615;&#1608;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1584;&#1616;&#1610; &#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1587;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1614;   &#1576;&#1615;&#1588;&#1618;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#1576;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1583;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618; &#1585;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611;   &#1591;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615;&#1608;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#64831;&#1636;&#1640;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(48) And He it is Who sends the winds as good news before His   mercy; and We send down pure water from the cloud,</font></font><br />
                          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1604;&#1616;&#1617;&#1606;&#1615;&#1581;&#1618;&#1610;&#1616;&#1610;&#1614; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1576;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1583;&#1614;&#1577;&#1611; &#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1578;&#1611;&#1575;   &#1608;&#1614;&#1606;&#1615;&#1587;&#1618;&#1602;&#1616;&#1610;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575; &#1582;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1602;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1618;&#1593;&#1614;&#1575;&#1605;&#1611;&#1575; &#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;&#1587;&#1616;&#1610;&#1617;&#1614; &#1603;&#1614;&#1579;&#1616;&#1610;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#64831;&#1636;&#1641;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(49) That We may give life thereby to a dead land and give it   for drink, out of what We have created, to cattle and many people.</font></font><br />
        </div>  <br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Al-Jaathiya(45:5)</font><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1582;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1604;&#1614;&#1575;&#1601;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1604;&#1616; &#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575;&#1585;&#1616;   &#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606; &#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1586;&#1618;&#1602;&#1613; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1614;   &#1576;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1583;&#1614; &#1605;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575; &#1608;&#1614;&#1578;&#1614;&#1589;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616;&#1610;&#1601;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1616; &#1570;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1612; &#1604;&#1616;&#1617;&#1602;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1605;&#1613; &#1610;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1602;&#1616;&#1604;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1637;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(5) And (in) the variation of the night and the day, and (in)   what Allah sends down of sustenance from the cloud, then gives life thereby   to the earth after its death, and (in) the changing of the winds, there are   signs for a people who understand.</font></font><br />
        </div>   <br />
  <b>Maurice Bucaille</b> wrote that<br />
  “<font color="#000000">-sura 45, verse 5:<br />
&quot;. . . In the provision that God sends down from the sky and thereby He revives the ground after its death and in the change (of direction) of winds, there are Signs for people who are wise.&quot; </font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The provision made in this last verse is in the form of the water sent down from the sky, as the context shows. The accent is on the change of the winds that modify the rain cycle.</font>”<br />
   <br />
  In the verse (30 : 48) Allah says the process <br />
  1. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Advection</font></a> :<font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot"> It is Allah Who sends the Winds</font></font><br />
  2.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Condensation</font></a> :<font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot"> and they raise the Clouds</font></font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">3.</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Transpiration</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> :</font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot"> then does He spread them in the sky as He wills, and break them into fragments</font></font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">4.</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_%28meteorology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Precipitation</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> :</font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot"> until thou seest rain-drops issue from the midst thereof</font></font><br />
  <br />
  <br />
  <b><u><font face="&amp;quot">In Surah Al-Furcan Allah says that </font></u></b><br />
  <br />
  <br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615;&#1608;&#1614;   &#1575;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1584;&#1616;&#1610; &#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1587;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1614; &#1576;&#1615;&#1588;&#1618;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#1576;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1583;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618; &#1585;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1605;&#1614;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611;   &#1591;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615;&#1608;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#64831;&#1636;&#1640;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(48) And He it is Who sends the winds as heralds of glad   tidings, going before His mercy, and We send down pure water from the sky,-</font></font><br />
        </div>  <br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1604;&#1616;&#1617;&#1606;&#1615;&#1581;&#1618;&#1610;&#1616;&#1610;&#1614;   &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1576;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1583;&#1614;&#1577;&#1611; &#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1578;&#1611;&#1575; &#1608;&#1614;&#1606;&#1615;&#1587;&#1618;&#1602;&#1616;&#1610;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575; &#1582;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1602;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1618;&#1593;&#1614;&#1575;&#1605;&#1611;&#1575; &#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;&#1587;&#1616;&#1610;&#1617;&#1614;   &#1603;&#1614;&#1579;&#1616;&#1610;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#64831;&#1636;&#1641;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(49) That with it We may give life to a dead land, and slake the   thirst of things We have created,- cattle and men in great numbers.</font></font><br />
        </div>  <br />
  <b><u><font face="&amp;quot">In Surah Al-</font></u></b><b><u> Mumenoon</u></b><b><u><font face="&amp;quot"> Allah also says that</font></u></b><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;   &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611; &#1576;&#1616;&#1602;&#1614;&#1583;&#1614;&#1585;&#1613; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1587;&#1618;&#1603;&#1614;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1607;&#1615; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575; &#1593;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1609;&#1648; &#1584;&#1614;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1613; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;   &#1604;&#1614;&#1602;&#1614;&#1575;&#1583;&#1616;&#1585;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1633;&#1640;&#64830; </font></b></div>        </div>   <br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(18) And We send down water from the sky according to (due) measure, and We cause it to soak in the soil; and We certainly are able to drain it off (with ease).</font></font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">So Allah says the process of collection water. Allah says that “That with it We may give life to a dead land” (</font></font><font face="&amp;quot"> Al-Furcan</font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">).if we give life to a dead land many process may be happened .so </font></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception_%28water%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Canopy interception</font></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelt" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Snowmelt</font></a> , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Runoff</font></a> , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Infiltration</font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> ,</font> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_Flow_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Subsurface Flow</font></a> every things can happened.<br />
  And Allah also says “<font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">and We cause it to soak in the soil</font></font>” (<font face="&amp;quot">Al-</font> Mumenoon).<br />
  5.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception_%28water%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Canopy interception</font></a><br />
  6.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelt" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Snowmelt</font></a><br />
  7.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Runoff</font></a><br />
  8.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Infiltration</font></a><br />
  9.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_Flow_%28hydrology%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Subsurface Flow</font></a><br />
  <br />
  <font color="green"><font face="&amp;quot">Al-Mulk (67:30)</font></font><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1602;&#1615;&#1604;&#1618; &#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1578;&#1615;&#1605;&#1618; &#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1618; &#1571;&#1614;&#1589;&#1618;&#1576;&#1614;&#1581;&#1614;   &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1572;&#1615;&#1603;&#1615;&#1605;&#1618; &#1594;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1585;&#1611;&#1575; &#1601;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1606; &#1610;&#1614;&#1571;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1610;&#1603;&#1615;&#1605; &#1576;&#1616;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1613; &#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1593;&#1616;&#1610;&#1606;&#1613; &#64831;&#1635;&#1632;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(30) Say: Have you considered if your water should go down, who   is it then that will bring you flowing water?</font></font><br />
        </div>  <br />
  <font color="green"><font face="&amp;quot">Az-Zumar(39:21)</font></font><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1571;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1605;&#1618; &#1578;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1614; &#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614;   &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611; &#1601;&#1614;&#1587;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1603;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1610;&#1614;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1616;&#1610;&#1593;&#1614; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1616; &#1579;&#1615;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614; &#1610;&#1615;&#1582;&#1618;&#1585;&#1616;&#1580;&#1615; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;   &#1586;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1593;&#1611;&#1575; &#1605;&#1617;&#1615;&#1582;&#1618;&#1578;&#1614;&#1604;&#1616;&#1601;&#1611;&#1575; &#1571;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1606;&#1615;&#1607;&#1615; &#1579;&#1615;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614; &#1610;&#1614;&#1607;&#1616;&#1610;&#1580;&#1615; &#1601;&#1614;&#1578;&#1614;&#1585;&#1614;&#1575;&#1607;&#1615; &#1605;&#1615;&#1589;&#1618;&#1601;&#1614;&#1585;&#1617;&#1611;&#1575; &#1579;&#1615;&#1605;&#1617;&#1614;   &#1610;&#1614;&#1580;&#1618;&#1593;&#1614;&#1604;&#1615;&#1607;&#1615; &#1581;&#1615;&#1591;&#1614;&#1575;&#1605;&#1611;&#1575;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1584;&#1614;*&#1648;&#1604;&#1616;&#1603;&#1614; &#1604;&#1614;&#1584;&#1616;&#1603;&#1618;&#1585;&#1614;&#1609;&#1648; &#1604;&#1616;&#1571;&#1615;&#1608;&#1604;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1576;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1616; &#64831;&#1634;&#1633;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(21) Do you not see that Allah sends down water from the cloud,   then makes it go along in the earth in springs, then brings forth therewith   herbage of various colors, then it withers so that you see it becoming   yellow, then He makes it a thing crushed and broken into pieces? Most surely   there is a reminder in this for the men of understanding.</font></font><br />
        </div>  <br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Room (30: 24)</font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1618; &#1570;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1610;&#1615;&#1585;&#1616;&#1610;&#1603;&#1615;&#1605;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1576;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1602;&#1614; &#1582;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1601;&#1611;&#1575; &#1608;&#1614;&#1591;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1593;&#1611;&#1575; &#1608;&#1614;&#1610;&#1615;&#1606;&#1614;&#1586;&#1616;&#1617;&#1604;&#1615; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611; &#1601;&#1614;&#1610;&#1615;&#1581;&#1618;&#1610;&#1616;&#1610; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1614; &#1576;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1583;&#1614; &#1605;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1584;&#1614;*&#1648;&#1604;&#1616;&#1603;&#1614; &#1604;&#1614;&#1570;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1613; &#1604;&#1616;&#1617;&#1602;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1605;&#1613; &#1610;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1602;&#1616;&#1604;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1634;&#1636;&#64830;</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(24) And one of His signs is that He shows you the lightning for fear and for hope, and sends down water from the clouds then gives life therewith to the earth after its death; most surely there are signs in this for a people who understand</font></font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Surah Quf(50:9-11)</font></font><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1606;&#1614;&#1586;&#1617;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611;   &#1605;&#1617;&#1615;&#1576;&#1614;&#1575;&#1585;&#1614;&#1603;&#1611;&#1575; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1576;&#1614;&#1578;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1580;&#1614;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1613; &#1608;&#1614;&#1581;&#1614;&#1576;&#1617;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1581;&#1614;&#1589;&#1616;&#1610;&#1583;&#1616; &#64831;&#1641;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(9) And We send down from the cloud water abounding in good,   then We cause to grow thereby gardens and the grain that is reaped,</font></font><br />
                          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1582;&#1618;&#1604;&#1614; &#1576;&#1614;&#1575;&#1587;&#1616;&#1602;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1613; &#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575; &#1591;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1593;&#1612;   &#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1590;&#1616;&#1610;&#1583;&#1612; &#64831;&#1633;&#1632;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(10) And the tall palm-trees having spadices closely set one   above another,</font></font><br />
                          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1586;&#1618;&#1602;&#1611;&#1575; &#1604;&#1616;&#1617;&#1604;&#1618;&#1593;&#1616;&#1576;&#1614;&#1575;&#1583;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1610;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;   &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1576;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1583;&#1614;&#1577;&#1611; &#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1578;&#1611;&#1575;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1603;&#1614;&#1584;&#1614;*&#1648;&#1604;&#1616;&#1603;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1582;&#1615;&#1585;&#1615;&#1608;&#1580;&#1615; &#64831;&#1633;&#1633;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(11) A sustenance for the servants, and We give <b>life thereby to a dead land</b>; thus is   the rising.</font></font><br />
        </div>  Fatir(35:9)<br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1607;&#1615; &#1575;&#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1584;&#1616;&#1610; &#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1587;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;   &#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1616;&#1617;&#1610;&#1614;&#1575;&#1581;&#1614; &#1601;&#1614;&#1578;&#1615;&#1579;&#1616;&#1610;&#1585;&#1615; &#1587;&#1614;&#1581;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1611;&#1575; &#1601;&#1614;&#1587;&#1615;&#1602;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;&#1607;&#1615; &#1573;&#1616;&#1604;&#1614;&#1609;&#1648; &#1576;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1583;&#1613; &#1605;&#1617;&#1614;&#1610;&#1616;&#1617;&#1578;&#1613;   &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1581;&#1618;&#1610;&#1614;&#1610;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1614; &#1576;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1583;&#1614; &#1605;&#1614;&#1608;&#1618;&#1578;&#1616;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1754; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1603;&#1614;&#1584;&#1614;*&#1648;&#1604;&#1616;&#1603;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1617;&#1615;&#1588;&#1615;&#1608;&#1585;&#1615; &#64831;&#1641;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(9) And Allah is He Who sends the winds so they raise a cloud,   then We drive it on to a dead country, and therewith We give life to the   earth after its death; even so is the quickening.</font></font><br />
        </div>   <br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">In Surah </font>Al Baqara(2:164),<font face="&amp;quot">Room(30: 24) Allah also says  about that.</font><br />
  <b><u>Allah also says in Surah Al-Mumenoon(23) :</u></b><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1586;&#1614;&#1604;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;   &#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1614; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1617;&#1614;&#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1616; &#1605;&#1614;&#1575;&#1569;&#1611; &#1576;&#1616;&#1602;&#1614;&#1583;&#1614;&#1585;&#1613; &#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1587;&#1618;&#1603;&#1614;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1607;&#1615; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1618;&#1571;&#1614;&#1585;&#1618;&#1590;&#1616;</font></b><b><font color="#fb7600"><font face="&amp;quot"> &#1750; </font></font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1608;&#1614;&#1573;&#1616;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575; &#1593;&#1614;&#1604;&#1614;&#1609;&#1648; &#1584;&#1614;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1613; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616;   &#1604;&#1614;&#1602;&#1614;&#1575;&#1583;&#1616;&#1585;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1633;&#1640;&#64830; </font></b></div>        </div>   <br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(18) And We send down water from the sky according to (due) measure, and We cause it to soak in the soil; and We certainly are able to drain it off (with ease).</font></font><br />
  <div align="right">          <div align="right"><b><font face="&amp;quot">&#1601;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1606;&#1588;&#1614;&#1571;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575; &#1604;&#1614;&#1603;&#1615;&#1605; &#1576;&#1616;&#1607;&#1616; &#1580;&#1614;&#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1575;&#1578;&#1613;   &#1605;&#1616;&#1617;&#1606; &#1606;&#1617;&#1614;&#1582;&#1616;&#1610;&#1604;&#1613; &#1608;&#1614;&#1571;&#1614;&#1593;&#1618;&#1606;&#1614;&#1575;&#1576;&#1613; &#1604;&#1617;&#1614;&#1603;&#1615;&#1605;&#1618; &#1601;&#1616;&#1610;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575; &#1601;&#1614;&#1608;&#1614;&#1575;&#1603;&#1616;&#1607;&#1615; &#1603;&#1614;&#1579;&#1616;&#1610;&#1585;&#1614;&#1577;&#1612; &#1608;&#1614;&#1605;&#1616;&#1606;&#1618;&#1607;&#1614;&#1575;   &#1578;&#1614;&#1571;&#1618;&#1603;&#1615;&#1604;&#1615;&#1608;&#1606;&#1614; &#64831;&#1633;&#1641;&#64830; </font></b></div>             <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(19) Then We cause to grow thereby gardens of palm trees and   grapes for you; you have in them many fruits and from them do you eat;</font></font><br />
        </div>  <br />
  <br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">In this ayet Allah says the process of Evaporation .Allah declared that “and We certainly are able to drain it off (with ease).”</font></font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">10.</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Evaporation</font></a><br />
  11.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_%28chemistry%29" target="_blank"><font face="&amp;quot">Sublimation</font></a><br />
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  Reference:<br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">1.</font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">The Bible, The Qur'an and Science-</font></b><b>Maurice Bucaille.</b><br />
  <b>2.</b><a href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/k/koran/" target="_blank"><font face="Batang">The Holy Qur'an (translated by M.H. Shakir)</font></a><br />
  <b>3.</b><a href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/k/koran/" target="_blank"><font face="Batang">The Holy Qur'an (translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali)</font></a><br />
  <b>4.</b><a href="http://www.tafheem.net/main.html" target="_blank"><b><font face="Batang">Tafheem ul Qur'an (by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi)</font></b></a><br />
  5.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Water_cycle" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Water_cycle</a><br />
  6.<a href="http://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/education/projects/webunits/water/waterlessons.html" target="_blank">http://oncampus.richmond.edu/academi...erlessons.html</a><br />
  7.<a href="http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/" target="_blank">http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/</a><br />
  8.<a href="http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/railsback_1122science1.html" target="_blank">http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/rai...2science1.html</a><br />
  9. <br />
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  <a href="http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=93317258533&amp;topic=9285" target="_blank">http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?ui...533&amp;topic=9285</a></div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<dc:creator>Valo_manush</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=104</guid>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title><![CDATA[A STUDY ON THE CHANGES IN THE UPPER PART OF THE JAMUNA RIVER BTWN 2000&2008 USING GIS]]></title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=103</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2010 18:56:00 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[*CHAPTER 1*

  *INTRODUCTION*

  *1.1**Information System *
  Information Systems(or IS) is historically defined as a 'bridge' between the business...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><div align="center"><div align="center"><b><font face="&amp;quot">CHAPTER 1</font></b></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><b><font face="&amp;quot">INTRODUCTION</font></b></div></div>  <b><font face="&amp;quot">1.1</font></b><b><font face="&amp;quot">Information System </font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Information Systems</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(or IS) is historically defined as a 'bridge' between the business world and</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">computer science, but this discipline is slowly evolving towards a well-defined science.</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">In a broad sense, the term Information Systems refers to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technology</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">. </font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Typically, Information Systems (or IS) include colleagues, procedures, data, software, and hardware (by degree) that are used to gather and analyze information.</font></font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">1.2 Geographic Information System</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Maps have been used for thousands of years, but it is only within the last few decades that the technology has existed to combine maps with computer graphics and databases to create Geographic Information Systems or GIS.</font></font><font face="&amp;quot"> Geographic Information System (GIS) is a technological field that incorporates geographical features with tabular data in order to map, analyze and assess real world problems. The key word to this technology is Geography- this means the data (or at least some proportion of the data) is spatial, in other words the data is in some way referenced to the locations on the earth. It is an information system that captures, analyzes, stores, manages and presents the data that are linked to geographical locations.</font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">1.2.1 History of GIS</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">GIS has evolved out of a long tradition of map making. In many respects, modern GIS dramatically increase the amount of information that can be contained and manipulated in a map. On the other hand, many of the same cartographic conventions and limitations apply to digital maps.</font></font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">About 15,500 years ago,</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">on the walls of caves near</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Lascaux,</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">France,</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Cro-Magnon</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">hunters drew pictures of the animals they hunted.</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Associated with the animal drawings are track lines and tallies thought to depict migration routes. While simplistic in comparison to modern technologies, these early records mimic the two-element structure of modern GIS, an image associated with</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">attribute information.</font></font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">In 1854,</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">John Snow</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">depicted a</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">cholera</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some individual cases, possibly the earliest use of the geographic method.</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">His study of the distribution of cholera led to the source of the disease, a contaminated water pump (the Broad Street Pump, whose handle he disconnected, thus terminating the outbreak) within the heart of the cholera outbreak.</font></font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg[/IMG]</font></font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 1.1: E. W. Gilbert's version (1958) of</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">John Snow's 1855 map of the Soho cholera outbreak showing the clusters of cholera cases in the</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">London</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">epidemic of 1854</font></font></div></div>  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">The early 20th century saw the development of</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">photolithography, by which maps were separated into layers. Computer hardware development spurred by</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">nuclear weapon</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">research would lead to general-purpose computer &quot;mapping&quot; applications by the early 1960s.</font></font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">In the year 1962 the development of world’s first GIS came into operation by the Federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development in Ottowa, Ontario, Canada. It was called the &quot;Canada Geographic Information System&quot; (CGIS) and was used to store, analyze, and manipulate data collected for the</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Canada Land Inventory</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(CLI)—an initiative to determine the land capability for rural Canada by mapping information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, waterfowl, forestry, and land use at a scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">.</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">It was developed by Dr. Roger Tomlinson who is known as the “Father of GIS”. This system was an improvement over the mapping application as it provided the capabilities for overlay, measurement and digitizing or scanning.</font></font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">In 1964, Howard T Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Design (LCGSA 1965-1991), where a number of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling were developed, and which by the 1970s had distributed seminal software code and systems, such as 'SYMAP', 'GRID', and 'ODYSSEY' -- which served as literal and inspirational sources for subsequent commercial development—to universities, research centers, and corporations worldwide.</font></font><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">By the early 1980s, M&amp;S Computing (later</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Intergraph), Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) and</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">CARIS</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">(Computer Aided Resource Information System) emerged as commercial vendors of GIS software, successfully incorporating many of the CGIS features, combining the first generation approach to separation of spatial and attribute information with a second generation approach to organizing attribute data into database structures. GRASS GIS</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">was begun in 1982 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineering Research Laboratory (USA-CERL) in Champaign, Illinois, a branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to meet the need of the United States military for software for land management and environmental planning. The later 1980s and 1990s industry growth were spurred on by the growing use of GIS on</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">UNIX</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">workstations and the</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">personal computer. By the end of the 20th century, the rapid growth in various systems had been consolidated and standardized on relatively few platforms and users were beginning to export the concept of viewing GIS data over the Internet, requiring data format and transfer standards. More recently, there are a growing number of free, open source GIS packages which run on a range of operating systems and can be customized to perform specific tasks.</font></font><br />
  <b><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">1.2.2 Components of GIS</font></font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">The main components of GIS are: Hardware, Software, Data and Professionals. </font></font><br />
  <b><font color="#333333">Hardware</font></b><br />
  <font color="#333333">Hardware comprises the equipment needed to support the many activities of GIS ranging from data collection to data analysis. The central piece of equipment is the workstation, which runs the GIS software and is the attachment point for ancillary equipment. Data collection efforts can also require the use of a digitizer for conversion of hard copy data to digital data and a GPS data logger to collect data in the field. The use of handheld field technology is also becoming an important data collection tool in GIS. With the advent of web-enabled GIS, web servers have also become an important piece of equipment for GIS.</font><br />
  <b><font color="#333333">Software</font></b><br />
  <font color="#333333">Different software packages are important for GIS. Central to this is the GIS application package. Such software is essential for creating, editing and analyzing spatial and attributes data; therefore these packages contain a myriad of GIS functions inherent to them. Extensions or add-ons are software that extends the capabilities of the GIS software package. Component GIS software is the opposite of application software. Component GIS seeks to build software applications that meet a specific purpose and thus are limited in their spatial analysis capabilities. Utilities are stand-alone programs that perform a specific function. For example, a file format utility that converts from on type of GIS file to another. There is also web GIS software that helps serve data through Internet browsers.</font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="#333333">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif[/IMG]</font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="#333333">Figure 1.2: Components of GIS</font></div></div>  <b><font color="#333333">Data</font></b><br />
  <font color="#333333">Data is the core of any GIS. There are two primary types of data that are used in GIS. A geodatabase is a database that is in some way referenced to locations on the earth. Geodatabases are grouped into two different types: vector and raster. Vector data is spatial data represented as points, lines and polygons.  Raster data is cell-based data such as aerial imagery and digital elevation models.  Coupled with this data is usually data known as attribute data.  Attribute data generally defined as additional information about each spatial feature housed in tabular format. Documentation of GIS datasets is known as metadata.  Metadata contains such information as the coordinate system, when the data was created, when it was last updated, who created it and how to contact them and definitions for any of the code attribute data.</font><br />
  <b><font color="#333333">Professionals</font></b><br />
  <font color="#333333">Well-trained people knowledgeable in spatial analysis and skilled in using GIS software are essential to the GIS process. There are three factors to the people component: education, career path, and networking. The right education is key; taking the right combination of classes.  Selecting the right type of GIS job is important.  A person highly skilled in GIS analysis should not seek a job as a GIS developer if they haven’t taken the necessary programming classes.  Finally, continuous networking with other GIS professionals is essential for the exchange of ideas as well as a support community.</font><br />
  <br />
  <b>1.2.3 How GIS Works</b><br />
  <br />
  <font color="black">Modern GIS technologies use digital information, for which various digitized data creation methods are used. The most common method of data creation is digitization, where a hard copy map or survey plan is transferred into a digital medium through the use of a</font><font color="black">Computer-Aided Design</font><font color="black">(CAD) program, and geo-referencing capabilities. </font><br />
   <br />
  Geographic information contains either an explicit geographic reference, such as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate, or an implicit reference such as an address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name. An automated process called geocoding is used to create explicit geographic references (multiple locations) from implicit references (descriptions such as addresses). These geographic references allow locating features, such as a business or forest stand, and events, such as an earthquake, on the earth's surface for analysis.<br />
  <br />
Geographic information systems work with two fundamentally different types of geographic models - the &quot;vector&quot; model and the &quot;raster&quot; model. In the vector model, information about points, lines, and polygons is encoded and stored as a collection of <i>x,y</i> coordinates. The location of a point feature, such as a bore hole, can be described by a single <i>x,y</i> coordinate. Linear features, such as roads and rivers, can be stored as a collection of point coordinates. Polygonal features, such as sales territories and river catchments, can be stored as a closed loop of coordinates.<br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The vector model is extremely useful for describing discrete features, but less useful for describing continuously varying features such as soil type or accessibility costs for hospitals. The raster model has evolved to model such continuous features. A raster image comprises a collection of grid cells rather like a scanned map or picture. Both the vector and raster models for storing geographic data have unique advantages and disadvantages. Modern GISs are able to handle both models.</font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg[/IMG]</font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 1.3: An output from GIS</font></div></div>  <br />
  <b>1.2.4 Application of GIS</b><br />
   <br />
  GIS technology can be used in many scientific investigations and assessments, resource and asset management, archaeology, urban planning, risk and hazard assessment, geographic history, environmental impact assessment, marketing etc. <font color="black">For example, GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times (i.e. logistics) in the event of a</font><font color="black">natural disaster, GIS might be used to find</font><font color="black">wetlands</font><font color="black">that need protection from</font><font color="black">pollution, or GIS can be used by a company to site a new business location to take advantage of a previously under-served</font><font color="black">market.</font><br />
  <br />
  <b><font color="black">1.2.5 GIS Softwares</font></b><br />
   <br />
  <font color="black">GIS software</font><font color="black">encompasses a broad range of applications, all of which involve the use of some combination of digital maps and georeferenced data. GIS software can be sorted into different categories. Below is a</font><font color="black">list of notable</font><font color="black">GIS software</font><font color="black">applications:</font><br />
  <b><font color="black">Notable Open Source Software</font></b><br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>GRASS GIS<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>SAGA GIS<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>Quantum GIS<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>MapWindow GIS<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System)<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>uDig<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>gvSIG<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>Jump GIS<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>Kalypso<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>TerraView<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>Capaware<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>FalconView<br />
  <b>Notable Commercial or Proprietary Softwares</b><br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>Geomedia, Geomedia Professiona, Geomedia Webmap<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>ArcView 3.x, ArcGIS<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>Map 3D<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>MapInfo<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>Topobase<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>MapGuide<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>Manifold System<br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font>SmallWorld<br />
   <br />
   <br />
  <b>1.3</b><b>Objectives of the Project</b><br />
   <br />
  The project aims to the computation of geomorpholigal changes in the upper part of the Jamuna River using GIS technology. Some key objectives to this project include:<br />
  1.To calculate the total river area in the years 2004 and 2008<br />
  2.To calculate the total numbers of chars in the years 2004 and 2008<br />
  3.To calculate the total area of the chars in the years 2004 and 2008<br />
  4.To compare the geomorphological changes in the two different years<br />
    <div align="center"><div align="center"><b><font face="&amp;quot">CHAPTER 2</font></b></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><b><font face="&amp;quot">AN OVERVIEW OF ArcVIEW AND JAMUNA RIVER</font></b></div></div>  <b><font face="&amp;quot">2.1 ArcView</font></b><br />
  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">ArcView</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">is the entry level licensing level of</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">ArcGIS Desktop, a</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">geographic information system</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">software product produced by Environmental System Research Institute</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot"> (</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">ESRI). It is intended by ESRI to be the logical migration path from</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">ArcView 3.x. It provides the basic GIS functionality with an easy- to- use Graphic User Interface (GUI). ArcView started as a</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">graphical</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">program for spatial data and maps made using ESRI's other software products. Over time more and more functionality was added to ArcView and it became a real GIS program capable of complex analysis and data management. Its simple</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">GUI</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">was preferred by many over the less user friendly, more powerful</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">ARC/INFO.</font></font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg[/IMG]</font></font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 2.1: A Screenshot of ArcView</font></font></div></div>  <font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">The key features of ArcView are:</font></font><br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font><font face="&amp;quot">Creating maps and interacts with data by generating reports and charts.</font><br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font><font face="&amp;quot">Build process models, scripts, and workflows to</font><font face="&amp;quot">visualize</font><font face="&amp;quot">and analyze data</font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">.</font></font><br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Read, import, and manage more than</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">70 different data types</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">and formats including demographics, facilities, CAD drawings, imagery, Web services, multimedia, and metadata.</font></font><br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Communicates</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">more efficiently by printing, publishing, and shares GIS data and dynamic content with others.</font></font><br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Use tools such as Find, Identify, Measure, and Hyperlink to discover information</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">not available when working with static paper maps</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">.</font></font><br />
  <font face="Symbol">·</font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">Make better decisions and</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">solve problems</font></font><font color="black"><font face="&amp;quot">faster.</font></font><br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">2.2 The Jamuna River</font></b><br />
  <font color="#333333"><font face="&amp;quot">Rivers of Bangladesh have nurtured this region, with its ancient civilizations and enduring culture. These mighty waterways offer wonderful opportunities to explore the variety and beauty of the landscape and the life they support. Hence Bangladesh is called the land of rivers or the gift of rivers.</font></font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="#333333"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg[/IMG]</font></font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="#333333"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 2.2: Rivers of Bangladesh</font></font></div></div>  <font color="#333333"><font face="&amp;quot">Almost 300 rivers and their tributaries crisscross the country. The outflow of water from Bangladesh is the third highest in the world, next only to those of the Amazon and the Congo systems.</font></font><br />
  <font color="#333333"><font face="&amp;quot">Major rivers include the Padma, the Meghna, the Jamuna, the Brahmaputra and the Karnaphuli. They are an inseparable part of the lives of the people and can bring sorrow when there are severe floods. But most of the time, they make farmers happy by fertilizing the soil.</font></font><br />
  <font color="#333333"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg[/IMG]</font></font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font color="#333333"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 2.3: The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna River Basins</font></font></div></div>  <font color="#333333"><font face="&amp;quot">The Jamuna River is one of the major rivers in Bangladesh. It is the main channel of Brahmaputra River when flows out of India into Bangladesh. The Brahmaputra- Jamuna River System also consists of the Old Brahmaputra and some many tributaries including Teesta.</font></font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The Brahmaputra River is one of the largest sand-bar braided rivers in the world having a seasonal high discharge, high sediment load and characterized by frequent channel pattern changes and shift. Following natural phenomena, the river has been responding to landform/ground level changes effected by tectonic activity of the region.</font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg[/IMG]</font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 2.4: The Brahmaputra- Jamuna River System</font></div></div>  <font face="&amp;quot">The river originates at southwestern Tibet, China as the Yarlong- Tsanpo River; <font color="black">it flows across southern Tibet to break through the</font><font color="black">Himalayas</font><font color="black">in great gorges and into Arunachal Pradesh</font><font color="black">where it is known as</font><font color="black">Dihang. It flows southwest through the Assam Valley as Brahmaputra and south through</font><font color="black">Bangladesh</font><font color="black">as the Jamuna. It enters Bangladesh at Kurigram district and </font>flows south and then turns southeast and travels through the Madhupur Tract to meet the Meghna near Bhairab Bazar. </font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg[/IMG]</font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 2.5: The Brhamaputra- Jamuna River from its origin Yarlung Tsangpo</font></div></div>  <font face="&amp;quot">By the beginning of the 19th century (1830), the Brahmaputra began to flow below Bahadurabad along the Jamuna due mainly to recent faulting. This faulting is a minor adjustment related to the last orogeny and is still active. <font color="black">However, Before 250 years ago it was the actual</font><font color="black">Brahmaputra</font><font color="black">River in Bangladesh passes through the</font><font color="black">Jamalpur</font><font color="black">and</font><font color="black">Mymensingh</font><font color="black">district, a serious earthquake led its in present flow. Fed by the waters of the</font><font color="black">Ganges</font><font color="black">and Brahmaputra, this river system forms the</font><font color="black">Ganges Delta, the largest</font><font color="black">river delta</font><font color="black">in the</font><font color="black">world. </font>The Jamuna meets the Ganges at Goaland Ghat, and together down the confluence takes the name of the Padma and joins the Meghna at Chandpur</font>.<font face="&amp;quot">The total length of the river from its source in southwestern Tibet to the mouth in the Bay of Bengal is about 2,850 km (including Padma and Meghna up to the mouth). Within Bangladesh territory, Brahmaputra- Jamuna is 276 km long, of which Brahmaputra is only 69 km.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The Tista is, by far, the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna system and issues from the western side above the bifurcation point of the Old Brahmaputra and the Jamuna. Up to the close of the 18th century, it flowed into the Ganges but after the destructive floods of 1787, in which a large part of Rangpur was laid waste, it suddenly turned east and joined the Brahmaputra just south of Chilmari. Since then, it has kept more or less to this channel. The frequent changes of its course have left a legacy in the shape of numerous stagnant cut-off channels west of Rangpur, most of which are known as <i>Mara</i> (dead) or <i>Budi </i>(old) Tista. The present channel of the Tista makes its entry into Bangladesh north of </font><a href="http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/D_0231.HTM" target="_blank"><font color="#000000"><font face="&amp;quot">Diml</font></font></a><font face="&amp;quot">a and travels 177 km before it meets the Brahmaputra, and varies from 300m to 550m in width.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">North of the Tista, two more small tributaries, the Dharla and the Dudhkumar, meet the Brahmaputra from the west. Both streams originate from the foothills of the Himalayas. The Dharala is a swift river in the rainy season, but a braided clear stream in winter. In its upper course, it is known as the Jaldhaka or Singimari. In Rangpur district, it has a small tributary, the Nilkumar, formerly a large river. The Dudhkumar, known in its upper course as the Sankosh, is a small river. It flows southeast and falls into the Brahmaputra. The major part of the river lies within India.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The Old Brahmaputra takes off from the left bank of the Brahmaputra or the Jamuna to the north of Bahadurabad. Flowing more or less southeast it passes by Jamalpur and Mymensingh towns and falls into the Meghna at Bhairab Bazaar. The river has no tributary coming from the northeast. Several small distributaries, viz Bangshi, Banar, Sirkali and Satia, however, flow out from it. The Bangshi runs more or less south to join the </font><a href="http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/T_0244.HTM" target="_blank"><font color="#000000"><font face="&amp;quot">Turag</font></font></a><font face="&amp;quot"> and together fall into the Buriganga near Dhaka. The Banar, Sirkali and Satia converge to flow together as the Shitalakshya and meet the Dhaleshwari close to Munshiganj.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The Karatoya is the longest and largest tributary of the Jamuna and originates in a marsh in Baikunthapur in Jalpaiguri district of India. It receives a number of tributaries on the Indian side. It was formerly the main channel of the Tista and was perhaps a distributary of the Brahmaputra. The Karatoya changes its name to Atrai from </font><a href="http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/K_0211.HTM" target="_blank"><font color="#000000"><font face="&amp;quot">Khanshama</font></font></a><font face="&amp;quot">upazila and crosses the Barind Tract lengthwise all the way to fall into the Baral that connects the Ganges with the Jamuna at Bera upazila of Pabna district.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The Dhaleshwari, the largest distributary of Jamuna, takes off from the Parbati to join the Shitalakshya which in turn meets the Meghna at Munshiganj. The Dhaleshwari soon bifurcates and its southern arm flows south of Manikganj and joins the main stream that flows north of Manikganj 48 km southeast. This southern arm, the Kaliganga, now carries more water than the Dhaleshwari itself. North of their confluence the Dhaleshwari again bifurcates, the southern arm retaining the name, while the northern is called the Buriganga. It flows past Dhaka and joins the Dhaleshwari at Fatulla. The Shitalakshya joins the Dhaleshwari at Naraynaganj and the joint flow meets the Meghna at Shaitnol.</font><br />
  <br />
  <b><font face="&amp;quot">2.3 The Morphological Characteristics of Jamuna River</font></b><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The Brahmaputra-Jamuna River, Bangladesh, is one of the world's great rivers, ranking in the top three in terms of both sediment and water discharge. The high water and sediment discharges are generated by the monsoon-dominated floods and the tectonic setting, which provides abundant sediment from Himalayan uplift into the subsiding Bay of Bengal. Structural, climatic and autocyclic fluvial processes have produced a large multi-channel river in Bangladesh with individual channels up to 5 km wide that can scour down to 50 m. It has a catchment area of 583,000 sq. km. The Brahmaputra- Jamuna has experienced large-scale avulsion at the end of the 18th century. Recent widening and westerly migration and exhibits rapid bank erosion in response to large floods, the most notable being during the recent floods in 1987, 1988, 1998 and 2004. The Brahmaputra- Jamuna River contributes ~51% of the water discharge and 38% of the sediment yield to the Padma (Schumm and Winkley, 1994), with the sediment yield being estimated at 590 MT/year and the sand fraction contributing 34% of this total (Sarker, 1996). The Jamuna can have a braid plain width up to 15 km in flood and scour depths of up to 40 m have been recorded (Klaassen and Vermeer, 1988). Thus, by any definition, the Brahmaputra-Jamuna is one of the world's truly great rivers, and has a direct and daily influence on the prosperity of its population and the country's economic growth and political stability.</font><br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">The discharge of the river during the rainy season is enormous, averaging 40,000 cumec</font><font face="&amp;quot">. The recorded highest peak flow of Brahmaputra-Jamuna is 98,000 cumec in 1988; the maximum velocity ranges from 3-4 m/sec with a depth of 21-22m. The average discharge of the river is about 20,000 cumec with average annual silt load of 1,370 tons/sq km. The average slope of the Jamuna is about 1:11,400; however, the local gradient differs quite considerably from the average picture</font>.<br />
  <font face="&amp;quot">Jamuna is naturally a braided river. Chars of different sizes are found in the course of the river. An assessment of the 1992 dry season LANDSAT image shows that the Jamuna contained a total of 56 large island chars, each longer than 3.5 km. There were an additional number of 226 small island chars, varying in length between 0.35 and 3.5 km. This includes sandy areas as well as vegetated chars. In the Jamuna the period between 1973 and 2000, chars have consistently appeared in the reaches opposite to the Old Brahmaputra offtakes, north and east of Sirajganj and in the southernmost reach above the confluence with the Ganges. In entire Bangladesh during 1981 to 1993, a total of about 729,000 people were displaced by riverbank erosion. More than half of the displacement was along the Jamuna.</font><br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg[/IMG]</font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 2.6: Some Chars of Jamuna near Sirajganj and Bahadurabad</font></div></div>  <br />
  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">[IMG]file:///J:/Users/MUKUT/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg[/IMG]</font></div></div>  <div align="center"><div align="center"><font face="&amp;quot">Figure 2.7: Chars of Jamuna near Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge</font></div></div></div>

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			<title>Charles Babbage</title>
			<link>http://www.banglaforum.com/blog.php?b=102</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 22 Jan 2010 10:53:11 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[[COLOR="Green"]Charles Babbage, FRS (26 December 1791 &#8211; 18 October 1871) 
[IMG]http://www.ntut.edu.tw/~tjhsieh/cs2007f/CharlesBabbage.jpg[/IMG]

was...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>[COLOR=&quot;Green&quot;]Charles Babbage, FRS (26 December 1791 &#8211; 18 October 1871) <br />
[IMG]http://www.ntut.edu.tw/~tjhsieh/cs2007f/CharlesBabbage.jpg[/IMG]<br />
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was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1991, a perfectly functioning difference engine was constructed from Babbage's original plans. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked. Nine years later, the Science Museum completed the printer Babbage had designed for the difference engine, an astonishingly complex device for the 19th century. Considered a &quot;father of the computer&quot;, Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;4&quot;]Birth[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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Babbage's birthplace is disputed, but he was most likely born at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London, England. A blue plaque on the junction of Larcom Street and Walworth Road commemorates the event.<br />
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His date of birth was given in his obituary in The Times as 25 December 1792. However after the obituary appeared, a nephew wrote to say that Charles Babbage was born one year earlier, in 1791. The parish register of St. Mary's Newington, London, shows that Babbage was baptized on 6 January 1792, supporting a birth year of 1791.<br />
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Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Teape. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth, and Benjamin Babbage became a warden of the nearby St. Michael&#8217;s Church.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;4&quot;]Education	[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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His father's money allowed Charles to receive instruction from several schools and tutors during the course of his elementary education. Around the age of eight he was sent to a country school in Alphington near Exeter to recover from a life-threatening fever. His parents ordered that his &quot;brain was not to be taxed too much&quot; and Babbage felt that &quot;this great idleness may have led to some of my childish reasonings.&quot; For a short time he attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, South Devon, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a time.<br />
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He then joined a 30-student Holmwood academy, in Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex under Reverend Stephen Freeman. The academy had a well-stocked library that prompted Babbage's love of mathematics. He studied with two more private tutors after leaving the academy. Of the first, a clergyman near Cambridge, Babbage said, &quot;I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have done.&quot; The second was an Oxford tutor from whom Babbage learned enough of the Classics to be accepted to Cambridge.<br />
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Babbage arrived at Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1810. He had read extensively in Leibniz, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Thomas Simpson, and Lacroix and was seriously disappointed in the mathematical instruction available at Cambridge. In response, he, John Herschel, George Peacock, and several other friends formed the Analytical Society in 1812. Babbage, Herschel and Peacock were also close friends with future judge and patron of science Edward Ryan. Babbage and Ryan married two sisters.<br />
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In 1812 Babbage transferred to Peterhouse, Cambridge. He was the top mathematician at Peterhouse, but did not graduate with honours. He instead received an honorary degree without examination in 1814.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;2&quot;]Marriage, family, death[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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Grave of Charles Babbage at Kensal Green Cemetery<br />
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On 25 July 1814, Babbage married Georgiana Whitmore at St. Michael's Church in Teignmouth, Devon. The couple lived at Dudmaston Hall,[11] Shropshire (where Babbage engineered the central heating system), before moving to 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London.<br />
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Charles and Georgiana had eight children, but only three &#8212; Benjamin Herschel, Georgiana Whitmore, and Henry Prevost &#8212; survived to adulthood. Georgiana died in Worcester on 1 September 1827. Charles' father, wife, and at least one son all died in 1827. These deaths caused Babbage to go into a mental breakdown which delayed the construction of his machines.<br />
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His youngest son, Henry Prevost Babbage (1824&#8211;1918), went on to create six working difference engines based on his father's designs, one of which was sent to Harvard University where it was later discovered by Howard H. Aiken, pioneer of the Harvard Mark I. Henry Prevost's 1910 Analytical Engine Mill, previously on display at Dudmaston Hall, is now on display at the Science Museum.<br />
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Charles Babbage died at age 79 on 18 October 1871, and was buried in London's Kensal Green Cemetery. According to Horsley, Babbage died &quot;of renal inadequacy, secondary to cystitis.&quot; In 1983 the autopsy report for Charles Babbage was discovered and later published by one of his descendants. A copy of the original is also available.[18] Half of Babbage's brain is preserved at the Hunterian Museum in the Royal College of Surgeons in London.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;4&quot;]Design of computers[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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[IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg[/IMG]<br />
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Babbage sought a method by which mathematical tables could be calculated mechanically, removing the high rate of human error. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables; and existing work on calculating machines carried out by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first discussed the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphry Davy in 1822.<br />
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Babbage's machines were among the first mechanical computers, although they were not actually completed, largely because of funding problems and personality issues. He directed the building of some steam-powered machines that achieved some success, suggesting that calculations could be mechanized. Although Babbage's machines were mechanical and unwieldy, their basic architecture was very similar to a modern computer. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, the control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;2&quot;]Difference engine[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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In Babbage&#8217;s time, numerical tables were calculated by humans who were called &#8216;computers&#8217;, meaning &quot;one who computes&quot;, much as a conductor is &quot;one who conducts&quot;. At Cambridge, he saw the high error-rate of this human-driven process and started his life&#8217;s work of trying to calculate the tables mechanically. He began in 1822 with what he called the difference engine, made to compute values of polynomial functions. Unlike similar efforts of the time, Babbage's difference engine was created to calculate a series of values automatically. By using the method of finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need for multiplication and division.<br />
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[IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/050114_2529_difference.jpg[/IMG]<br />
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The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received ample funding for the project, it was never completed. He later designed an improved version, &quot;Difference Engine No. 2&quot;, which was not constructed until 1989-1991, using Babbage's plans and 19th century manufacturing tolerances. It performed its first calculation at the London Science Museum returning results to 31 digits, far more than the average modern pocket calculator.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;2&quot;]Completed models[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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The London Science Museum has constructed two Difference Engines, according to Babbage's plans for the Difference Engine No 2. One is owned by the museum; the other, owned by technology millionaire Nathan Myhrvold, went on exhibit at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California on 10 May 2008.<br />
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The two models that have been constructed are not replicas; until the assembly of the first Difference Engine No 2 by the London Science Museum, no model of the Difference Engine No 2 existed.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;2&quot;]Analytical engine[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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Soon after the attempt at making the difference engine crumbled, Babbage started designing a different, more complex machine called the Analytical Engine. The engine is not a single physical machine but a succession of designs that he tinkered with until his death in 1871. The main difference between the two engines is that the Analytical Engine could be programmed using punch cards. He realized that programs could be put on these cards so the person had only to create the program initially, and then put the cards in the machine and let it run. The analytical engine would have used loops of Jacquard's punched cards to control a mechanical calculator, which could formulate results based on the results of preceding computations. This machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching, and looping, and would have been the first mechanical device to be Turing-complete.<br />
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Ada Lovelace, an impressive mathematician, and one of the few people who fully understood Babbage's ideas, created a program for the Analytical Engine. Had the Analytical Engine ever actually been built, her program would have been able to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers. Based on this work, Lovelace is now widely credited with being the first computer programmer.<br />
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 In 1979, a contemporary programming language was named Ada in her honour. Shortly afterward, in 1981, a satirical article by Tony Karp in the magazine Datamation described the Babbage programming language as the &quot;language of the future&quot;.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;2&quot;]Modern adaptations[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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While the abacus and mechanical calculator have been replaced by electronic calculators using microchips, the recent advances in MEMS and nanotechnology have led to recent high-tech experiments in mechanical computation. The benefits suggested include operation in high radiation or high temperature environments.<br />
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These modern versions of mechanical computation were highlighted in the magazine The Economist in its special &quot;end of the millennium&quot; black cover issue in an article entitled &quot;Babbage's Last Laugh&quot;.<br />
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 The article highlighted work done at University of California Berkeley by Ezekiel Kruglick. In this Doctoral Dissertation the researcher reports mechanical logic cells and architectures sufficient to implement the Babbage Analytical engine (see above) or any general logic circuit. Carry-shift digital adders and various logic elements are detailed as well as modern analysis on required performance for microscopic mechanical logic.<br />
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[B][SIZE=&quot;4&quot;]Other accomplishments[/SIZE][/B]<br />
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In 1824, Babbage won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society &quot;for his invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and astronomical tables.&quot; He was a founding member of the society and one of its oldest living members on his death in 1871.<br />
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From 1828 to 1839 Babbage was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. He contributed largely to several scientific periodicals, and was instrumental in founding the Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834. However, he dreamt of designing mechanical calculating machines.<br />
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&#8220;... I was sitting in the rooms of the Analytical Society, at Cambridge, my head leaning forward on the table in a kind of dreamy mood, with a table of logarithms lying open before me. Another member, coming into the room, and seeing me half asleep, called out, &quot;Well, Babbage, what are you dreaming about?&quot; to which I replied &quot;I am thinking that all these tables&quot; (pointing to the logarithms) &quot;might be calculated by machinery. &quot;<br />
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In 1837, responding to the Bridgewater Treatises, of which there were eight, he published his Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, &quot;On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation&quot;, putting forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which then produced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with ad hoc miracles each time a new species was required. The book is a work of natural theology, and incorporates extracts from correspondence he had been having with John Herschel on the subject.<br />
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Babbage also achieved notable results in cryptography. He broke Vigenère's autokey cipher as well as the much weaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher today. The autokey cipher was generally called &quot;the undecipherable cipher&quot;, though owing to popular confusion, many thought that the weaker polyalphabetic cipher was the &quot;undecipherable&quot; one. Babbage's discovery was used to aid English military campaigns, and was not published until several years later; as a result credit for the development was instead given to Friedrich Kasiski, a Prussian infantry officer, who made the same discovery some years after Babbage.<br />
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In 1838, Babbage invented the pilot (also called a cow-catcher), the metal frame attached to the front of locomotives that clears the tracks of obstacles. He also constructed a dynamometer car and performed several studies on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Western Railway in about 1838. Babbage's eldest son, Benjamin Herschel Babbage, worked as an engineer for Brunel on the railways before emigrating to Australia in the 1850s.<br />
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Babbage also invented an ophthalmoscope, but although he gave it to a physician for testing it was forgotten, and the device only came into use after being independently invented by Hermann von Helmholtz.<br />
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Babbage twice stood for Parliament as a candidate for the borough of Finsbury. In 1832 he came in third among five candidates, but in 1834 he finished last among four.<br />
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In On the Economy of Machine and Manufacture, Babbage described what is now called the Babbage principle, which describes certain advantages with division of labour. Babbage noted that highly skilled - and thus generally highly paid - workers spend parts of their job performing tasks that are 'below' their skill level. If the labour process can be divided among several workers, it is possible to assign only high-skill tasks to high-skill and -cost workers and leave other working tasks to less-skilled and paid workers, thereby cutting labour costs. This principle was criticised by Karl Marx who argued that it caused labour segregation and contributed to alienation. The Babbage principle is an inherent assumption in Frederick Winslow Taylor's scientific management.[/COLOR]</div>

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